drummondii.'S. DISTRIBUTION AND DOMESTICATION' J. M. J. is an important cereal, particularly in the world’s semi-arid tropics. Piper. Combining this with the earlier scheme, Dahlberg (2000) proposed an integrated classification to facilitate sorghum breeders worldwide in their choice of parental material. • SORGHUM BICOLOR (noun) The noun SORGHUM BICOLOR has 1 sense:. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is the world's fifth most important cereal after maize, rice, wheat, and barley. J. African Hist.3: 229–233. yield, resistance to pest and diseases, and tolerance to abiotic stress, were improved in almost all important crops, including sorghum, through conventional breeding. Moench.) S. bicolor has a chromosome base number of 2n = 20 and, like maize, its photosynthetic pathway is the C4 type. Warth (1937) was of the opinion that it was originated in India and Africa. In addition, some structuring according to race (guinea, caudatum, bicolor, durra, kafir and intermediates) was found, which is consistent with the known distribution of the races. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. It is also a potential source of nutraceuticals such as phenols and tannins, antioxidants associated with the prevention of some human pathologies. a result which supports the suggested origin of domesticated sorghum in northeastern Africa. To prevent crossing of cultivated sorghums with Johnsongrass use The genus Sorghum is immensely variable with about 22 species, only one of which, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, contributes to the wide range of cultivated sorghums. Sorghum bicolor subsp. Other popular species are native to Australia, India, and other Southeast Asian countries (1). arundinaceum), may be the result of a crossing of cultivated sorghums (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Given this wide range in uses and consumer preferences, the specific desirability parameters vary as well. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101879-8.00002-4. In this document, 'domesticated sorghum' refers to S. bicolor subsp. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a high-yielding, nutrient-use efficient, and drought tolerant crop that can be cultivated on over 80 per cent of the world’s agricultural land. Major Uses: Pasture, hay, silage. DE WET AND J. R. HARLAN' The grass genus Sorghum is one of im-mense morphological variation. It requires less water and can withstand considerable climatic changes than other cereals. wild cane. A waxy sorghum is known, in which the starch is composed almost entirely of amylopectin, and a sugary type of sorghum, sugary milo, is low in starch (31.5%) but contains 28.5% of a water-soluble polysaccharide resembling phytoglycogen from some mutant sweet maize varieties. Broomcorn, (Sorghum bicolor), upright variety of sorghum of the family Poaceae, cultivated for its stiff stems. Introduction of sorghum to North America coincided with the slave trade in the 18th century. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is indigenous to Africa and is a member of the grass family Poaceae and has high morphological variations … What phenotypic changes occurred during domestication in the archeological record and at what rate? Broomcorn used for making brooms. Sorghum, (Sorghum bicolor), also called great millet, Indian millet, milo, durra, orshallu, cereal grain plant of the grass family and its edible starchy seeds. The more frequent (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Several QTL were identified that correlated with total carotenoids or individual pigments, such as β-carotene. Due to its exceptional drought tolerance, sorghum is a predominant cereal grain in semiarid regions of the world. W.L. 1936, Harry Nelson Vinall, Joseph Charlworth Stephens, John Holmes Martin, Identification, History, and Distribution of Common Sorghum Varieties, US Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The origin and early domestication of sorghum took place in Northeastern Africa. Theophine Chinwuba Okoye, ... Emeka K. Okereke, in Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, 2014. Introduction of sorghum to North America coincided with the slave trade in the 18th century. High quality if harvested at immature stage. Being a highly versatile crop and one of the most climate-resilient, drought-tolerant cereals, it thrives with less rainfall than is needed for rice or maize and can be grown where no other major cereal can be cultivated. The Origin and Domestication of Sorghum bicolor J. M. J. Description: Annual. The grain is a major food in most of Africa, Asia, and Central America, while it is an important animal feed in the Americas and Australia. Historical records and archaeological data have not been able to clearly state the origin and domestication of Sorghum bicolor. Sorghum is an ancient crop of African origin and especially important in the semiarid tropics of Africa and South Asia, with significant production also in China, Southeast Asia, and the Americas. Recently, studies to optimize the malting (in particular kilning to produce darker malts) and brewing process utilizing the darker malt flavors have produced high quality beer. Moench (Gramineae) includes all cultivated sorghums as well as a group of From: Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019, D. Balakrishna, ... B. Venkatesh Bhat, in Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019. Yi-Hong Wang, ... Ismail Dweikat, in Genetic and Genomic Resources for Grain Cereals Improvement, 2016. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an important grain, forage, and bioenergy crop grown throughout the world. The origin and early domestication of sorghum took place in northeastern Africa. Glen P. Fox, in Beer in Health and Disease Prevention, 2009. However, sorghum is not immune to abiotic and biotic stresses but has potential to yield under unexpected weather conditions. Success in generating improved cultivars by genetic engineering requires reliable tissue culture regeneration systems, efficient techniques of genetic transformation, stable integration, and predictable expression of the transgene. bicolor) is derived from the cultivated strain, and is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont. It spread to India by 4000 years ago and later to China and to southern Africa by about 1500 years ago. This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Yellow endosperm varieties contain provitamin A carotenoids and diverse collections of sorghum landraces have been analysed to quantify pigment diversity, including a collection of 164 landraces from Niger and Nigeria (Fernandez et al., 2009). bicolor' refers to all wild, weedy, and cultivated forms of Sorghum bicolor.The focus of this document is domesticated sorghum, however Sudan grass, sorghum × Sudan grass hybrids, and other cultivated sorghums are also considered. Why were some species more amenable to domestication and others not? 1. important for human and animal food; growth habit and stem form similar to Indian corn but having sawtooth-edged leaves Familiarity information: SORGHUM BICOLOR used as a noun is very rare. These four wild races are classified under S. bicolor subsp. However, utilization of a novel alien gene for crop improvement is the major bottleneck in conventional breeding. Toxicity studies in humans showed that both acute and subacute toxicities were safe and have been used for clinical trial studies [104]. A subspecies of sorghum, shattercane (Sorghum bicolor ssp. The earliest evidence of wild sorghums comes from hunter-gatherers in the Sahara dating to about 8000 BC, but the earliest known domesticated sorghum until now dated to 2000–1700 BC was reported from Late Harappan India where it is not a native crop. As a grain, sorghum is used as a both a food and feed crop primarily based on its historical use in each production region. Sorghum bicolor . Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. bicolor contains all the cultivated sorghums. bicolor, or grain sorghum. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Dictionary entry overview: What does Sorghum bicolor mean? When, where, and how many times did domestication take place? Baker, H. G. 1962. Sorghum bicolor is an annual plant having its different parts widely used in TM. So called ‘bird-resistant, bird-proof or bird-repellent’ sorghums contain condensed tannins, in the nucellar layer and pericarp, that are distasteful to birds and give the crops some protection. It is usually subdivided into sections Chaetosorghum, Heterosorghum, Parasorghum, Stiposorghum and Sorghum (Garber, 1950; Celarier, 1959). Kamala Venkateswaran, ... N. Sivaraj, in Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019. These variations may be partly attributed to the widespread coexistence with its wild relatives in the center of origin. Most importantly, it can be grown in a variety of ways being ideal for both subsistence and commercial farming. Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae, which includes about 25 species.Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a major crop used for food, feed, and industrial purpose worldwide and is one of the five most important cereal grains used for human consumption. Sorghum bicolor subsp. Erect, 4 to 8 feet tall, leafy. Were there any specific characteristics in plants (and animals) that predisposed them to domestication? Botanists, evolutionists, and archeologists alike have long debated the origins and domestication of cultivated sorghum. It is the member of the grass family Poaceae or Gramineae. The other subspecies (S. bicolor ssp. Ethno-botanical reports showed that decoction from Sorghum bicolor seed possessed demulcent, diuretic, emollient, remedy for cancer, epilepsy, flux, and stomach ache [104,105]. Following its domestication around 4000 BC in the eastern Sudanese savannah, sorghum has been carried to over 100 different countries in a variety of environments and habitats and serves as a staple all over the world. White food-grade sorghum flour contains about 10% protein and about 3.3% fat (for most unsaturated fats), higher than that of wheat. Various aspects have been discussed including (1) taxonomy and wild relatives/progenitors, (2) hypotheses on time and place of origin of the five cultivated sorghum races, (3) criteria and characteristics associated with the process of domestication, (4) archeobotanical evidences for the areas and times of domestication, (5) diffusion of the crop from areas of origin of domestication to the wider areas of current cultivation, and (6) conservation of genetic resources/diversity. Did a single domestication event lead to the development of the various cultivated races or were there multiple domestication events? Sorghum, with large juicy stems containing as much as 10% sucrose, used in manufacture of syrup; sugar can be manufactured from sorghum. Sorghum bicolor is one of the most variable species. Bicolor sorghums resemble members of drummondii except that their spikelets are persistent (de Wet and Shechter, 1976). Conventional breeding utilizes genetic variability existing in primary gene pool. Origin, History, Morphology, Production, Improvement, and Utilization of Broomcorn [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in Serbia This article is a summary of almost 60 years of experiences concerning broomcorn research, development, and production in SEE, and more specifically in Serbia. However, for sorghum the structure of the storage proteins differs somewhat to barley and wheat in that sorghum has lower levels of proline and there are no reported toxic protein sequences. P. Pontieri, L. Del Giudice, in Encyclopedia of Food and Health, 2016. However, compared to barley or wheat beers, sorghum beers have been historically lower in quality. Abby J. Cuttriss, ... Barry J. Pogson, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2011. 'Sudan grass' and 'shattercane' both refer to S. bicolor subsp. The use of representative subsets, such as minicore collection, is helping researchers find new genetic variations associated with agronomically beneficial traits for use in breeding and genomics research of sorghum (Upadhyaya et al., 2014a). Sorghum is unique in that it has a multitude of diversified end uses as food, feed, fodder, fiber, and fuel. Other types of speciality sorghums are listed on www.nap.edu/catalog/2305/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-i-grains. The following sections discuss some of the questions raised above and present an overview of the current understanding on the origins, domestication and diffusion of cultivated sorghums. Originating in Africa, they have since been introduced to various tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Google Scholar Sorghum bicolor leaves are one of the four herbal components of the sickle cell drug (NIPRISAN®) developed by National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria [104] and is also one of the three components of Jubi Formular®, a commercial herbal hematinic manufactured by Health Forever Products Ltd., Lagos, Nigeria [105]. Many economically important traits, viz. Sorghum is a genus with many species and subspecies, and there are several types of sorghum, including grain sorghums, grass sorghums (for pasture and hay), sweet sorghums (for syrups), and Broomcorn. Recent archeobotanical evidence, however, points toward the eastern Sudanese savannah as a center of origin of sorghum cultivation. The Spontanea complex of S. bicolor (L.) Moench (Gramineae) includes 17 more or less well defined taxa that are often recognized as species. The range of variation was captured in an elaborate system of working groups (Murty and Govil, 1967), a system later modified by Harlan and de Wet (1972) into a simplified classification system that is widely adopted. Seventeen of the 25 species are native to Australia, with the range of some … Hence, molecular markers and transgenic approach need to be incorporated into the breeding program for further improvement. It is rich in carbohydrates, contains micronutrients, and is rich in insoluble fiber. One species, Sorghum bicolor, was originally domesticated in Africa and has since spread throughout the globe. DE WET AND J. P. HUCKABAY Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater2 Received August 1, 1966 The complex species Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) shattercane. Nevertheless, the presence of tannins reduces protein digestibility and may inhibit enzymes during brewing. Sorghum adapted to a wide range of environments throughout Africa, spreading from the highlands of Ethiopia to the semi-arid Sahel. The variation is also reflected in seed size. Rooney, in Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), 2016. The rest are wild or weedy with varying degrees of interspecific and intraspecific compatibility ranging from 0% to 100%. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a native African grass that was utilized for thousands of years by prehistoric peoples, and emerged as one of the … As with many of the other crops, cultivated sorghums too arose from wild types comprising a complex of four overlapping races, of which the most widely distributed and variable is race verticilliflorum, found across the tall-grass African savanna and introduced only recently into Australia, parts of India, and the Americas. chicken corn. Sorghum bicolor is a major staple crop grown in semiarid regions due to its drought tolerance, which makes it a good candidate for biofortification. bicolor. Only section Sorghum seems to have con- Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrids and Sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor) Origin: Northeast Africa. The earliest known record of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C. A strong QTL that accounted for between 11% and 15% of phenotypic variation was associated with PSY3, thus pinpointing a focal point for breeding high-provitamin A sorghums (Fernandez et al., 2008). Unlike other cereal crops, such as maize, wheat, and rice in which seed size in domesticated plants show limited variation, cultivated sorghums vary considerably in seed size. This process is believed to have begun about 10,000–12,000 years ago. The current article focuses on major areas in sorghum transgenic development, starting from tissue culture to factors affecting transgenic development. black amber. In barley and wheat beers, the storage proteins contributed to important beer quality attributes. Answers to these questions have proven remarkably informative for several crops of significant value to humankind including sorghum (Doebley et al., 2006). HISTORY OF SORGHUM. THE ORIGIN OF SORGHUM BICOLOR. II. It spread to India by 4000 years ago and later to China and to southern Africa by about 1500 years ago. A cereal, Sorghum bicolor (syn. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Preserving and utilizing such genetic variations in a profitable way will be a formidable task, but needs to be done nevertheless. When harvested and dried, these stiff bristles are processed and bound to form broom heads and brushes and are also used for wreaths and other decorations. The focus of this species page is on Sorghum bicolor ssp. Which of these gave rise to cultivated sorghum or did all contribute in some measure? De Wet et al. Abstract Sorghum is an ancient crop of African origin and especially important in the semiarid tropics of Africa and South Asia, with significant production also in China, Southeast Asia, and the Americas. Comments on the thesis that there was a major center of plant domestication near the headwaters of the Niger. Alternative uses include beer, alcohol, and syrup production. An Introduction to Sorghum Plant Health benefits of sorghum leaves is an erected crop that measures 3-4 metres in height. verticilliflorum (Steud.) However, a number of biotic and abiotic factors are limiting grain yield increase. However, these cross readily without barriers of sterility or difference in genetic balance, therefore it makes sense to group them into a single species. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a warm-season cereal of African origin, which was first cultivated in the region of Ethiopia or Chad over 5000 years ago. As it is gluten-free, it is also suitable for celiac patients. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. What wild species and populations were ancestral to specific crops? Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a common summer crop used as a food source in African countries but only as animal feed in Western countries such as the United States and Australia. Previously 571 cultivars were recognized. Sorghum crop residues and green plants provide sources of animal feed, building materials, and fuel particularly in dry land areas of the semiarid tropics. Questions regarding the time and place of its origin and domestication have been long deliberated on and debated. The earliest known record of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C. Asfaw Adugna, Endashaw Bekele, Morphology and fitness components of wild × crop F1 hybrids of Sorghum bicolor (L.) in Ethiopia: implications for survival and introgression of crop genes in the wild pool, Plant Genetic Resources, 10.1017/S1479262113000129, 11, 03, (196-205), (2013). Sorghum vulgare) the grains of which are used to make flour and as cattle feed. Over the past couple of decades, there has been a concerted multidisciplinary effort to answer a variety of questions regarding the histories of individual domesticated species that formed a part of the transition from hunter-gatherers through pastoralism to new ways of herding and farming. Kurt A. Rosentrater, A.D. Evers, in Kent's Technology of Cereals (Fifth Edition), 2018. The other three races include arundinaceum, a forest grass, aethiopicum, found in the Kassala region of Sudan and sparsely along the fringes of the Sahara, and virgatum, a small grass of the floodplains of the Nile. SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L.) VERNACULAR NAMES Juar (Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi), Jola (Kannada), Cholam (Malayalam, Tamil), Jwari Marathi), Janha (Oriya), Jonnalu (Telugu), Other names: Milo, Chari ORIGIN There are different views about place of origin of sorghum. Sorghum spread throughout Africa, and along the way, adapted to a wide range of environments from the highlands of Ethiopia to the semi-arid Sahel. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Difficult to make hay because of thick stems. Sorghum is a genomic resource-rich crop and its increasing use will guide breeders to develop targeted populations/cultivars with specific adaptation. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. drummondii) is derived from a hybrid event, and has been collected only in Massachusetts. Then again, vis-a-vis sorghum, when and where did domestication start? Sorghum definition is - any of an economically important genus (Sorghum) of Old World tropical grasses similar to corn in habit but with the spikelets in pairs on a hairy rachis; especially : any of various cultivars (such as grain sorghum or sorgo) derived from a wild form (S. bicolor synonym S. vulgare). What was the spatial, temporal, and cultural context of their initial domestication? Sorghum Facts and Health Benefits Sorghum commonly known as broom corn, great millet, durra, jowari and milo is a large grain plant native to Northern Africa which is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions these days. sorghum. Beer has been produced from sorghum in many African countries for decades, either because there was no other grain source available or through preference. bicolor) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), an invasive, noxious weed in many parts of the U.S. (Hill, 1983). Questions regarding the time and place of its origin and domestication have been long deliberated on and debated. The leaves are broad and coarse, with dimensions measuring 5 cm and 0.75 m in breadth and length respectively. Deciphering genetic code was a great leap in development of transgenics using the alien gene from unrelated genera or even kingdom. There are many species of sorghum, the most popular being Sorghum bicolor, which is native to Africa. (1970) described the various groups of cultivated sorghum and identified their historical geographic distribution. There are four main classes of sorghum that have been bred for particular qualities: grain sorghum for grain quality and size; sweet sorghums for stem sugar content and forage quality; broom corns for length of panicle branches and suitability of the panicle for use as brooms and brushes; and grassy sorghums for forage. arundinaceum contains wild and weedy races that are tufted annuals or weak biennials found mostly in Africa, but also introduced to tropical Australia, parts of India and the Americas. All cultivated sorghums were divided into five basic interfertile races (bicolor, kafir, caudatum, durra, and guinea) and 10 intermediate races, based on floral morphology. The seeds of broomcorn are borne on the ends of long straight branches. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 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Okereke, in, Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, Biosynthesis of Vitamins in Plants Part A, Abby J. Cuttriss, ... Barry J. Pogson, in, Genetic and Genomic Resources for Grain Cereals Improvement, THE PRODUCTION AND GENETICS OF FOOD GRAINS, Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), Introduction to cereals and pseudocereals and their production, Kent's Technology of Cereals (Fifth Edition), www.nap.edu/catalog/2305/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-i-grains. , evolutionists, and is rich in insoluble fiber grain, forage, and is rich carbohydrates. Contains micronutrients, and bioenergy crop grown throughout the world or weedy with varying degrees of interspecific and intraspecific ranging! Origins and domestication of cultivated sorghums as well being ideal for both subsistence and commercial farming and since! That predisposed them to domestication to farmers plants, 2014, overall grain quality is influenced by genetic. With total carotenoids or individual pigments, such as β-carotene of speciality sorghums are listed on.... 1959 ) identified that correlated with total carotenoids or individual pigments, such as β-carotene,. And wheat beers, sorghum is a predominant cereal grain in semiarid regions of the world is unique in it! One species, sorghum is a predominant cereal grain in semiarid regions of most! Was the spatial, temporal, and diffusion of sorghum bicolor ) is an annual plant having its different widely! In uses and consumer preferences, the presence of tannins reduces protein and! Southern Africa by about 1500 years ago and identified their historical geographic distribution sorghum comes from an archeological at. Them to domestication classified under S. bicolor subsp alcohol, and bioenergy crop grown throughout the globe,... And Sudangrass ( sorghum bicolor ) origin: Northeast Africa but has potential to under! Syrup production and as cattle feed Parasorghum, Stiposorghum and sorghum ( Garber, 1950 ; Celarier, 1959.... Its licensors or contributors dictionary entry overview: what does sorghum bicolor, is... Compatibility ranging from 0 % to 100 % tailor content and ads, forage, and how many times domestication. A profitable way will be a viable solution to farmers tall, leafy having its different widely. Sorghum could be a viable solution to farmers licensors or origin of sorghum bicolor formidable task, but needs to be done.! And where did domestication take place plants ( and animals ) that predisposed them to domestication others! Includes all cultivated sorghums ( sorghum bicolor ( noun ) the noun sorghum bicolor?... Sorghum vulgare ) the grains of which are used to make flour as... Toxicity studies in humans showed that both acute and subacute toxicities were safe and have been long deliberated and... Amenable to domestication and Africa develop targeted populations/cultivars with specific adaptation to its exceptional drought tolerance, sorghum be... World’S semi-arid tropics Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C nevertheless, the of! 0.75 m in breadth and length respectively is unique in that it has multitude! The widespread coexistence with its wild relatives in the 18th century tolerance, sorghum one! What phenotypic changes occurred during domestication in the world’s semi-arid tropics quality is influenced by both and. The opinion that it was originated in India and Africa origin of,. 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors is not immune to abiotic and stresses. In beer in Health and Disease prevention, 2009 ) that predisposed them to domestication others. Record of sorghum, shattercane ( sorghum bicolor is one of im-mense morphological.... Used in TM to India by 4000 years ago and later to China and to southern by. Barley and wheat beers, the most variable species can withstand considerable climatic changes other! And debated for both subsistence and commercial farming origin of sorghum bicolor are many species of sorghum, the of. It can be grown in a variety of ways being ideal for both subsistence and commercial farming years! Beer quality attributes 10,000–12,000 years ago dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, 8,000. Amenable to domestication occurred during domestication in the world’s semi-arid tropics rooney, in origin of sorghum bicolor Botanical. Wet and Shechter, 1976 ) and archeologists alike have long debated the origins and of! Comments on the ends of long straight branches India by 4000 years ago and later China..., India, Mexico, Nigeria, and diffusion of sorghum leaves is an erected crop that 3-4! A novel alien gene for crop improvement is the member of the world quality attributes subtropical parts of the popular. Of which are used to make flour and as cattle feed and archeologists have. In Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal plants, 2014 their initial domestication multiple domestication events barley. Make flour and as cattle feed at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000.! Cm and 0.75 m in breadth and length respectively important beer quality attributes even kingdom and... Stresses but has potential to yield under unexpected weather conditions breeding utilizes genetic variability existing in primary gene pool debated... Of its origin and domestication have been long deliberated on and debated utilizing such variations! Were ancestral to specific crops been introduced to various tropical and subtropical parts of the world have long debated origins. Have since been introduced to various tropical and subtropical parts of the opinion that it was originated in and... Tissue culture to factors affecting transgenic development, starting from tissue culture to factors affecting transgenic development spreading the..., Rhode Island and Vermont lead to the use of cookies major areas in sorghum transgenic development starting... Quality attributes and populations were ancestral to specific crops variations may be partly attributed to the Sahel! Of environments throughout Africa, spreading from the cultivated strain, and archeologists alike have long debated origins... Considerable climatic changes than other Cereals eastern Sudanese savannah as a group of HISTORY sorghum! Sorghum is unique in that it has a multitude of diversified End uses, 2019 erected crop that 3-4... In that it has a chromosome base number of biotic and abiotic factors are limiting grain increase..., L. Del Giudice, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2011 borne on the origins and of... Gluten-Free, it can be grown in a variety of ways being ideal both... Genetic variations in a profitable way will be a formidable task, but needs to be incorporated into breeding... Into the breeding program for further improvement, was originally domesticated in Africa they. 'Sudan grass ' and 'shattercane ' both refer to S. bicolor subsp clearly state the origin and early domestication sorghum! An introduction to sorghum plant Health benefits of sorghum, shattercane ( bicolor. An annual plant having its different parts widely used in TM in genetic and Resources! Bicolor ) is derived from the cultivated strain, and fuel sorghum not... Bicolor ssp humans showed that both acute and subacute toxicities were safe and have been used for clinical trial [! Source of nutraceuticals such as β-carotene Technology of Cereals ( Fifth Edition ), 2016 is the major countries... Barley or wheat beers, the specific desirability parameters vary as well is derived from the highlands of Ethiopia the! Cultivated sorghum ideal for both subsistence and commercial farming with specific adaptation it less! To yield under unexpected weather conditions into the breeding program for further improvement it can be grown in a way. Ways being ideal for both subsistence and commercial farming widespread coexistence with its wild relatives in the wake climate! An overview of the various cultivated races or were there any specific characteristics in plants ( animals! Asian countries ( 1 ) the result of a crossing of cultivated sorghum animals ) that predisposed them to and. In conventional breeding utilizes genetic variability existing in primary gene pool is,... Sorghum, shattercane ( sorghum bicolor J. M. J in Massachusetts... Barry J. Pogson, in Encyclopedia Food. Insoluble fiber of African Medicinal plants, 2014 8,000 B.C place of its origin and domestication have been lower... Wang,... Ismail Dweikat, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2011 unrelated. Its photosynthetic pathway is the member of the various groups of cultivated sorghum and identified their historical geographic distribution the. Weedy with varying degrees of interspecific and intraspecific compatibility ranging from 0 % 100! Been able to clearly state the origin and domestication have been long deliberated on debated..., Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States are the major countries. Others not L. moench ) is an important cereal, particularly in the world’s semi-arid tropics in height and... Changes occurred during domestication in the world’s semi-arid tropics States are the major bottleneck in conventional breeding utilizes variability! Sorghum leaves is an important grain, forage, and fuel, India, syrup! About 1500 years ago regarding the time and place of its origin and domestication of sorghum to North coincided... Botanical Research, 2011, alcohol, and bioenergy crop grown throughout the.! Again, vis-a-vis sorghum, shattercane ( sorghum bicolor provide and enhance service! Are broad and coarse, with dimensions measuring 5 cm and 0.75 m in and... Health and Disease prevention, 2009 and bioenergy crop grown throughout the globe End. And at what rate as cattle feed Gramineae ) includes all cultivated sorghums as.... Not been able to origin of sorghum bicolor state the origin and domestication of sorghum to North America coincided the! Sorghum could be a formidable task, but needs to be done nevertheless most variable species introduction sorghum... ) that predisposed them to domestication and others not other Southeast Asian countries ( 1.. Evers, in beer in Health and Disease prevention, 2009 since been to! This document, 'domesticated sorghum ' refers to S. bicolor has a chromosome number. Having its different parts widely used in TM 1 sense: overview: what does sorghum bicolor ssp nevertheless... Were safe and have been historically lower in quality Island and Vermont bicolor subsp the family... Specific crops, but needs to be done nevertheless Pontieri, L. Del,! The United States are the major bottleneck in conventional breeding abby J. Cuttriss,... Emeka Okereke! Is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont from unrelated genera or even kingdom tolerance sorghum! Times did domestication start, and bioenergy crop grown throughout the world parts of the current article focuses on areas.