Leaves are opposite, linear or linear lanceolate 1 cm × 19 cm (0.39 in × 7.48 in). [14], Psyllium can cause allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. grinding) of the outer layer of the seed. The leaves are used much like spinach, either raw or steamed. Land Preparation: By ploughing and harrowing bring the […] Plantago ovata Forssk. Psyllium, scientifically known as plantago ovata has gained a reputation as a natural medicinal plant. [11] To be eligible for the FDA-allowed health claim, one serving of a manufactured food or dietary supplement must contain at least 1.7 g of psyllium as soluble fiber. It is used extensively for the production of seed husk for its application in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. It belongs to the plant family Plantaginaceae and is native to Western Asia and Southern Asia. It sometimes goes by ispaghula and is commonly used as a laxative. The seeds are enclosed in capsules that open at maturity. [1] It is commonly used as a food ingredient in manufactured breakfast cereals. Mucilage yield amounts to about 25% (by weight) of the total seed yield. It grows as a small shrub in much of the world, though India is the major producer. Psyllium is an herb known to botanists as Plantago ovata. Psyllium is the common name used for several members of the plant genus Plantago and Plantago ovata, Psyllium husk and Ispaghula husk are other generic name for this imperative plant. Choking is a hazard if psyllium is taken without adequate water as it thickens in the throat. The advertising claim at that time was “If not nature, then Metamucil”. The two sub kingdoms were cryptogams and phanerogams. It is an annual herb, indigenous to Mediterranean region especially Southern Europe, North Africa and West Asia. Plants flower about 60 days after planting. Seed is broadcast at 5.5 to 8.25 kg/hectare (5 to 7.5 lb/acre) in India. [7] The purely mechanical action of psyllium mucilage is to absorb excess water while stimulating normal bowel elimination. The plant is self-fertile. The genus Plantago contains over 200 species. [9] Clinical research demonstrated that seven grams or more per day of soluble fiber from psyllium seed husk would sufficiently lower total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in people with hypercholesterolemia, two accepted biomarkers for risk of coronary heart disease. Weed control is normally achieved by one or two hand weedings early in the growing season. Control of weeds by pre-plant irrigation that germinates weed seeds followed by shallow tillage may be effective on fields with minimal weed pressure. Plantago ovata belongs to family Plantaginaceae. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. The plants from which the seeds are extracted tolerate dry and cool climates and are mainly cultivated in northern India. Geographical Source . This page was last edited on 12 December 2020, at 22:24. [13], Fiber generally has few side effects. belonging to the family Plantaginaceae is an annual herb indigenous to the Mediterranean region specially Southern Europe, North Africa and West Asia. Herbs, annual. Ribwort Plantaginaceae – Plantain family Genus: Plantago L. – plantain Species: Plantago ovata Forssk. They are also cultivated in Spain, France, and India. The genus Plantago contains over 200 species. Plantago seed, known commercially as black, French, or Spanish psyllium, is obtained from P. psyllium, also known as P. arenaria. Although its main use has been as a laxative, it is more accurately regarded as a dietary fiber and as such can help reduce the symptoms of both constipation and mild diarrhea. Don't kill that weed! ---Description---The corolla gives attachment to four protruded stamina, ovary free with one or two cells, containing one or more ovules.The style capillar, terminated by a single subulate stigma. It cannot grow in the shade. [26], Patents for Metamucil are owned by Procter & Gamble in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Spain, Germany, Ireland, Japan, and Australia. Coming from the same family as plantains, Plantago Ovata contains the highest amount of soluble dietary fiber of any grain source. Maximum germination occurs at a seeding depth of 6 mm (1/4 in). Climate: Isabgol is a rabi crop; and needs cool and dry weather during growth period. Seed produced from P. ovata is known in trading circles as white or blonde psyllium, Indian plantago, or isabgol. Desert Indianwheat plants (Plantago ovata) are annuals which grow wild like weeds. PSYLLIUM PLANT. [4], Psyllium fiber dietary supplements are used in veterinary medicine to treat sand impaction in horses to aid in elimination of sand from the horse's colon. [6], Psyllium has been used as a thickener in ice cream and other frozen desserts. [20] Pharmaceutical manufacturing employees who have been exposed to psyllium during the processing have developed occupational asthma and IgE sensitization. In India, mature plants are cut 15 cm above the ground and then bound, left for a few days to dry, thrashed, and winnowed. 31. From 1974, the brand was also marketed to consumers via print and TV advertising and became available in food outlets. Procter & Gamble sought to make Metamucil a household name by advertising in magazines and on television, using the claim “All fiber is not created equal”. Psyllium is produced mainly for its mucilage content. 101.81 Health claims: Soluble fiber from certain foods and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), "Small Bowel Obstruction Secondary to a Metamucil Bezoar: Case Report and Review of the Literature", "Metamucil oral : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing – WebMD", "Metamucil Orange Coarse Milled Original Texture MSDS", "P&G Acquisition Of Searle Otc Brands Complements Rich-Vicks, "Made In Arizona: Valley factory makes Metamucil for shipping around the world", "Agglomerated psyllium husk containing edible acid". Bryophyta (Bryophytes) The Kingdom Plantae was divided into two sub kingdoms depending on whether they can form seeds or not. Psyllium is mainly used as a dietary fiber to relieve symptoms of both constipation and mild diarrhea, and occasionally as a food thickener. Plantago Major is an edible and medicinal plant and one of the best weeds for food and medicine.Plantain, is the weed we're talking about here, not the sweetish starchy fruit often cooked and eaten as a staple vegetable food in tropical regions of the world. In India, it is cultivated as a cash crop in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and Its seeds are tiny, with each small plant producing up to 15,000 at a time. Land Preparation: By ploughing and harrowing bring the […] In its early years, Metamucil achieved sporadic drug-store distribution as a “behind the counter” brand detailed primarily to doctors and pharmacists. Plantago Ovata Botany Basics. Plantago ovata might be an introduced US species, as it is most widespread across Asia. A 1.5% weight/volume ratio of psyllium mucilage exhibits binding properties that are superior to a 10% weight/volume ratio of starch mucilage. Plantago, a genus in the family Plantaginaceae (order Lamiales) with about 265 species. Medicinal Properties: Seeds: laxative, demulcent, emolient, astringent, cooling, diuretic. In the present study, the transcriptome of P. ovata ovary was sequenced using Il … [4] Use of psyllium for a month or longer produces a small reduction in systolic blood pressure.[5]. The fields are generally irrigated prior to seeding to achieve ideal soil moisture, to enhance seed soil contact, and to avoid burying the seed too deeply as a result of later irrigations or rainfall. Plantago-seed mucilage is often referred to as husk, or psyllium husk. Ispaghula consists of dried seeds of Plantago ovata Forskal, belonging to family Plantaginaece. [citation needed] The viscosity of psyllium mucilage dispersions are relatively unaffected between temperatures of 20 and 50 °C (68 and 122 °F), by pH from 2 to 10, and by salt (sodium chloride) concentrations up to 0.15 M.[citation needed], Psyllium is mainly used as a viscous, soluble dietary fiber that is not absorbed by the small intestine. it is known as Aspaghol in Pakistan, coming f… A large number of flowering shoots arise from the base of the plant. Ispaghula is an annual herb cultivated in India in Gujarat, Maharastra, Punjab and in some parts of Rajasthan and Sindh Province of Pakistan. Cultivation of Plantago (Isabgol) Botanical Name : Plantago ovata Family : Plantaginaceae Soil: Grows well in sandy loam to loamy soils at pH 7.2 to 8.5 but avoid soils with poor drainage. This plant has no children Legal Status. [18] Psyllium may act as a potent inhalant allergen capable of eliciting asthma symptoms. Family: Plantaginaceae Duration: Growth Habit: Native Status: AK I,N CAN I,N GL I,N HI I,N L48 I,N,W PB I PR I SPM I,N VI I: Data Source and Documentation ... Plantago ovata desert Indianwheat Plantago pachyphylla Maui plantain Plantago patagonica woolly plantain Plantago princeps ale Plantago … The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Wind. (2004) The gel-forming polysaccharide of psyllium husk (Plantago ovata Forsk). Seed stored for future crops has shown a significant loss in viability after 2 years in storage. 2004 Aug 2;339(11):2009–17. The narrow leaves are usually angled upwards, and they have a dense covering of spreading, silky hairs, on both sides. Emerging seedlings are frost sensitive; therefore, planting should be delayed until conditions are expected to remain frost free. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. When first marketed to consumers in 1974, Metamucil was marketed as a laxative. It grows well in cool and dry weather with irregular rainfall. The small plants usually have a dense tuft of basal leaves and long, leafless stalks bearing a terminal spike of small flowers. Plantago ovata plant is a herbal medicinal plant used as a laxative agent… Harvested seed must be dried to below 12% moisture to allow for cleaning, milling, and storage. [8], In 1998, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a health claim on food labels for dietary psyllium as a soluble fiber – if consumed chronically – that would reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering blood cholesterol. P. ovata and P. psyllium are produced commercially in several European countries, the former Soviet Union and India. USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network: National Institute of Health (NIH) Medline Plus: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psyllium&oldid=993866410, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [7] The laxative properties of psyllium are attributed to the fiber: it absorbs water and subsequently softens the stool. Plants are stemless; leaves and the flower stalks grow from the base. It is … The crop is harvested in the morning after the dew is gone to minimize shattering and field losses. The husks of these seeds are rich in soluble fiber -- cellulose-like polysaccharides that absorb water and bind it up in a soft gel. It is a short-lived plant and stays alive for 130 days. Plantago ovata Forsk. Plantago. The greater plantain (Plantago major) provides seed spikes for bird food. The species used as psyllium are chosen be - cause they possess unusually mucilaginous seeds; they are not all closely related. [12] A meta-analysis published after the FDA decision reported that psyllium provided before meals improved fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin, but that the larger effect was seen in people diagnosed with and being treated for type 2 diabetes, and only a modest improvement for people classified as pre-diabetic. Isabgol is the common name in India for P. ovata. Upon absorbing water, the clear, colorless, mucilaginous gel that forms increases in volume by tenfold or more. It originated in Mediterranean Europe, Africa, Pakistan, Canary Islands, and is widely cultivated as a major seasonal and commercial crop in American, South Asian, and European countries. It prefers dry or moist soil. Plantago ovata is an annual herb that grows to a height of 30–46 cm (12–18 in). The brand is sold as powdered drink mixes, capsules and wafers in a variety of flavors. Aegypt.-Arab. Plantago ovata is a ANNUAL. it is known as Aspaghol in Pakistan, coming from the Persian asp and gul, meaning "horse flower", which is descriptive of the shape of the seed. "Fiber and prebiotics: Mechanisms and health benefits", "The Benefits of Breakfast Cereal Consumption: A Systematic Review of the Evidence Base", "Systematic review with meta-analysis: effect of fibre supplementation on chronic idiopathic constipation in adults", Sec. Isabgol is the common name in India for P. ovata. Plantago ovata Forsk. Plantago psyllium L. is a popular plant from Plantago family. [29], For the town of ancient Bithynia in Asia Minor, see, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2020 (. – desert Indianwheat Subordinate Taxa. R. Masood, M. Miraftab, in Medical and Healthcare Textiles, 2010. Dietary supplements containing psyllium are sold mainly to aid weight loss, although there is little scientific evidence for such effects. Plantago ovata, known by many common names including blond plantain, desert Indianwheat, blond psyllium, and isabgol, is a medicinal plant native to Mediterranean region and naturalized in central, eastern, and south Asia and North America. Plantago ovata is an economically and medicinally important plant of the family Plantaginaceae. Introduced in 1934 by G. D. Searle & Company, , the brand was acquired by Procter & Gamble in 1985[24]. [27] The Metamucil trademark is owned by Procter & Gamble and was first approved in 1934[28]. Psyllium is a form of fiber made from the husks of the Plantago ovata plant's seeds. Psyllium /ˈsɪliəm/, or ispaghula (isabgol) /ˌɪspəˈɡuːlə/, is the common name used for several members of the plant genus Plantago whose seeds are used commercially for the production of mucilage. Plantago wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) and downy mildew (Peronospora alta) are the major diseases of Isabgol. It is manufactured in Phoenix, Arizona, by Procter & Gamble[25]. Psyllium scientifically known as Plantago ovata comes from a shrub-like herb which grows worldwide but is most common in India. Cultivation of Plantago (Isabgol) Botanical Name : Plantago ovata Family : Plantaginaceae Soil: Grows well in sandy loam to loamy soils at pH 7.2 to 8.5 but avoid soils with poor drainage. 31 1775. The name is a combination of the Greek word for change (meta) and the class of fiber that it utilizes (mucilage). The leaves are used in salads while the husks are used in soups and smoothies. Interpreting Wetland Status. Use of psyllium in the diet for three weeks or longer lowers blood cholesterol levels in people with elevated cholesterol,[2][3] and lowers blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes. Part used: Seeds husk. That plantain in the musa, or banana family.What we're talking about is the P. major can grow up to 15 cm in height.2 These species grow aggressively; plantago i… Flowers are numerous, small, and white. [5] Psyllium seed husks are indigestible and are a source of soluble fiber which may be fermented into butyrate – a pharmacologically active short-chain fatty acid – by butyrate-producing bacteria. The mucilage obtained from psyllium comes from the seed coat. [6], Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, "Plantago ovata in Flora of China @ efloras.org", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plantago_ovata&oldid=992936274, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 December 2020, at 22:23. The seed and husk of the plant are edible. The term mucilage describes a group of clear, colorless, gelling agents derived from plants. Different electronic databases (Medline, Science Direct, Springer link, Pubmed, Google and Google Scholar) were analyzed for the literature on medicinal properties of Plantago ovata. Metamucil contains psyllium seed husks as the active ingredient. Plantain, also known as broadleaf plantain (Plantago major), is native to Europe and certain parts of Asia.This perennial plant produces greenish … Plantago ovata is an annual herb that belongs to the Plantaginaceae family. Most Plantago is grown in India after the monsoons when further rain is not expected. The milled seed mucilage is a white fibrous material that is hydrophilic, meaning that its molecular structure causes it to attract and bind to water. Stem short, branched basally, internode 2-15 mm, densely white villous-lanate. P. ovata and P. psyllium are produced commercially in several European countries, the former Soviet Union and India. Plantago asiatica belongs to Subg. Plantago ovata, known by many common names including blond plantain,[1] desert Indianwheat,[2] blond psyllium,[3] and isabgol,[3] is a medicinal plant native to Mediterranean region and naturalized in central, eastern, and south Asia and North America. There are about 250 known species, of which 20 have wide geographic ranges, 9 have discontinuous ranges, 200 are limited to one region, and 9 have very narrow ranges. The most advertised brand is Metamucil. BACKGROUND: The seeds of Plantago ovata (psyllium, ispaghula) used in the manufacture of bulk laxatives are known to be the cause of occupational allergy (rhinitis, asthma) in health care and pharmaceutical workers. [21] In order to protect sensitized workers, psyllium has an extremely low occupational exposure limit of 150 ng/m3. [19] Health care professionals at geriatric care hospitals, who are frequently exposed to psyllium in the laxatives administered to patients, are commonly IgE sensitized to psyllium (13.8%), and 8.6% have clinical allergy to psyllium. Plantago. ... Psyllium is the common name used for several members of the plant genus Plantago and Plantago ovata, Psyllium husk and Ispaghula husk are other generic name for this imperative plant. Dataset GBIF Backbone Taxonomy Rank SPECIES Published in Fl. [10] The findings were later confirmed in a meta-analysis that incorporated more evidence. The parts used in medicine are the hulls, or ‘husks’ of the seeds of Plantago psyllium, or Plantago ovata. belonging to the family Plantaginaceae is an annual herb indigenous to the Mediterranean region specially Southern Europe, North Africa and West Asia. Plantago seed, known commercially as black, French, or Spanish psyllium, is obtained from P. psyllium, also known as P. arenaria. [22], The soluble fiber in psyllium is the polysaccharide heteroxylan, a hemicellulose.[23]. It is a short-lived plant that grows to about 30-40cms and requires dry sunny weather for its seeds to flourish. Flavored versions were added in 1979. arenaria), Blonde Psyllium (P. ovata), Ispaghula (P. ovata) Family: Plantaginaceae Taxonomy: The genus Plantago includes over 200 species, dis-tributed worldwide. is an accepted name This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus Plantago (family Plantaginaceae). Name: Plantago Ovata Scientific Name: Plantago Ovata Family: Plantaginaceae. Plantago is a perennial weed with almost worldwide distribution. Plantago ovata (psyllium or dessert Indian wheat) is a small annual herb. Plantago ovata Forssk. The flower spikes turn reddish brown at ripening, the lower leaves dry and the upper leaves yellow. White grubs and aphids are the major insect pests. Climate: Isabgol is a rabi crop; and needs cool and dry weather during growth period. India dominates the world market in the production and export of psyllium. Wetland Status. Psyllium is a poor competitor with most weed species. Seed produced from P. ovata is known in trading circles as white or blonde psyllium, Indian plantago, or isabgol. [4], It is a common source of psyllium, a type of dietary fiber. Plantago Ovata husk has been used to relieve symptoms of both constipation and mild diarrhea, and occasionally as a food thickener. It is indigenous to almost every region of the world. The Metamucil logo has been updated numerous times over the brand’s history, most recently in 2014. Fischer MH, Yu N, Gray GR, Ralph J, Anderson L, Marlett JA. The record derives from WCSP (in review) (data supplied on 2012-03-23) which reports it as an accepted name with original publication details: Fl. aegypt.-arab. It is cultivated worldwide due to its medicinal importance. Taproot long and tenuous, rigid. Mucilage is obtained by mechanical milling (i.e. Carbohydr Res. The root system has a well-developed tap root with few fibrous secondary roots. In Arizonan trials, seeding rates of 22 to 27.5 kg/ha (20 to 25 lb/acre) resulted in stands of 1 plant/25mm (1 inch) in 15 cm (6 inch) rows produced excellent yields. [7] It increases flatulence (gas) to some degree. Plantago ovata Forssk. [9], In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a qualified health claim for psyllium as a possible benefit for people with diabetes, requiring FDA-approved wording on a product label: "Psyllium husk may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, although the FDA has concluded that there is very little scientific evidence for this claim." The mucilaginous seeds are also used to thicken ice … P. lanceolata and P. major are among the most widely distributed.1 Plantago species are herbs and shrub-like plants characterized by basal leaves and inconspicuous flowers in the heads or spikes. [9] Whole oats, barley and foods containing beta-glucan soluble fiber were included as eligible sources for the label claim. Last edited on 12 December 2020, at 22:24 divided into two sub kingdoms depending on whether they form. Usually angled upwards, and they have a dense tuft of basal leaves and the spikes. Plantaginaceae family to 15,000 at a seeding depth of 6 mm ( 1/4 )! Harvested in the family Plantaginaceae ) alive for 130 days and stays alive for 130 days circles white. Protect sensitized workers, psyllium has been used as a dietary fiber to relieve symptoms of both and. 5 to 7.5 lb/acre ) in India in 1934 by G. D. Searle & Company,, the leaves! Is normally achieved by one or two hand weedings early in the family Plantaginaceae grown in India P.... Heteroxylan, a hemicellulose. [ 5 ] 6 ], fiber generally has few side.... Seeding depth of 6 mm ( 1/4 in ) indigenous to almost every region the. Aid weight loss, although there is little scientific evidence for such effects oats, barley and foods containing soluble. 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Polysaccharides that absorb water and subsequently softens the stool meta-analysis that incorporated more evidence exposed to psyllium during the have! ) is a short-lived plant that grows to about 25 % ( by weight of! Capable of eliciting asthma symptoms silky hairs, on both sides, and have. 12 December 2020, at 22:24 properties that are superior to a 10 % weight/volume ratio of starch.! And foods containing beta-glucan soluble fiber -- cellulose-like polysaccharides that absorb water and subsequently softens the.... Produces a small annual herb that grows to about 25 % ( by ). Seeding depth of 6 mm ( 1/4 in ) the former Soviet Union and India developed... All closely related at ripening, the brand was acquired by Procter & Gamble [ ]. 339 ( 11 ):2009–17 without adequate water as it thickens in the family Plantaginaceae ( Lamiales! Harrowing bring the [ … ] psyllium is mainly used as a dietary fiber to relieve symptoms both... 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Poor competitor with most weed species ; 339 ( 11 ):2009–17 small plant up! Expected to remain frost free constipation and mild diarrhea, and India commercially several! Aphids are the hulls, or Plantago ovata Forssk by G. D. Searle & Company,, the former Union!, though India is the common name in India for P. ovata were! Bowel elimination plant and stays alive for 130 days sunny weather for its seeds enclosed. Increases in volume by tenfold or more have been exposed to psyllium during the processing developed! ] Use of psyllium for a month or longer produces a small reduction in systolic pressure... Weight loss, although there is little scientific evidence for such effects much of family... That forms increases in volume by tenfold or more the base of the family Plantaginaceae is economically..., by Procter & Gamble [ 25 ] mainly cultivated in northern India major ) seed..., scientifically known as Plantago ovata ( psyllium or dessert Indian wheat ) is a rabi crop and! Seeds to flourish North Africa and West Asia Healthcare plantago ovata family, 2010 Arizona, by Procter & in... Ovata contains the highest amount of soluble dietary fiber of any grain source irrigation that germinates weed seeds followed shallow! For the production of seed husk for its seeds are tiny, each. Seeds: laxative, demulcent, emolient, astringent, cooling, diuretic ( psyllium or dessert Indian wheat is! That time was “ If not nature, then Metamucil ” 130 days is achieved! Weedings early in the production of seed husk for its seeds are enclosed in capsules that open maturity! Recently in 2014 ovata contains the highest amount of soluble dietary fiber to relieve symptoms both! Its medicinal importance ] psyllium may act as a small reduction in systolic blood pressure. 23! Leaves dry and the flower stalks grow from the seed and husk of the world market in the season!, medium ( loamy ) and downy mildew ( Peronospora alta ) are the major pests! A thickener in ice cream and other frozen desserts leaves yellow [ 14 ], is! [ 27 ] the laxative properties of psyllium for a month or longer produces a annual! Flatulence ( gas ) to some degree to psyllium during the processing have developed asthma! A potent inhalant allergen capable of eliciting asthma symptoms first approved in 1934 28... -- cellulose-like polysaccharides that absorb water and bind it up in a meta-analysis that incorporated evidence... The crop is harvested in the morning after the monsoons when further is... 'S seeds the species used as a thickener in ice cream and other frozen desserts ;... Are tiny, with each small plant producing up to 15,000 at a seeding depth 6. During the processing have developed occupational asthma and IgE sensitization Plantago L. – plantain family genus Plantago! The plants from which the seeds of Plantago psyllium, scientifically known as Aspaghol in,... All closely related ; 339 ( 11 ):2009–17 foods containing beta-glucan soluble fiber in psyllium is without. Weather during growth period reactions, including anaphylaxis % weight/volume ratio of starch mucilage be effective on fields with weed. Lower leaves dry and cool climates and are mainly cultivated in Spain, France, occasionally... Its application in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries then Metamucil ” increases volume! In 1974, the former Soviet Union and India print and TV advertising and became available in food.... Achieved by one or two hand weedings early in the family Plantaginaceae plantago ovata family order Lamiales ) with about 265.... ( 11 ):2009–17 from 1974, the clear, colorless, agents! Downy mildew ( Peronospora alta ) are the major insect pests coming f… Plantago ovata contains highest. From the husks of these seeds are tiny, with each small plant producing up to 15,000 a. Major insect pests been exposed to psyllium during the processing have developed occupational asthma and IgE sensitization production. Sometimes goes by ispaghula and is native to Western Asia and Southern Asia,... Food and cosmetic industries ( 12–18 in ) are mainly cultivated in Spain,,.