The findings presented here show for the first time that apathy in the healthy population can be dissected into four subtypes: ‘emotionally apathetic’, ‘behaviourally/socially apathetic’, ‘generally motivated’ and ‘generally apathetic’. Efficacy of a Web App for Cognitive Training (MeMo) Regarding Cognitive and Behavioral Performance in People With Neurocognitive Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial. Each of the six questions for the three subscales is shown in Table 1. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Affiliations We hypothesized that, after developing our new index, we would identify distinct subtypes of apathy in the general population and that these subtypes would be differentially associated with depression, anhedonia and fatigue. Although various scoring methods have been proposed, there is a lack of validated, standardised instruments for detecting apathy and assessing its severity. As many apathy scales assess apathy as a unidimensional symptom, Radakovic et al. They showed adequate values, indicating acceptable internal consistency (αoverall = 0.77, αBA = 0.79, αSM = 0.75, αES = 0.75). No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169938. Model fit was assessed using RMSEA, SRMR, and Comparative Fit Index (CFI). In support, we found that all subscales of the AMI were related to the SHAPS. Objective: This study was designed to establish the validity and reliability of the apathy inventory (IA), a rating scale for global assessment of apathy and separate assessment of emotional blunting, lack of initiative, and lack of interest. By contrast, the ES subscale contained items that probe an individual’s feelings of positive and negative affection, which seems similar to the emotional blunting often observed in some patients with apathy [37]. BA relates to an individual’s tendency to self-initiate goal-directed behaviour, SM examines a person’s engagement of social interactions and ES probes an individual’s feelings of positive and negative affection. Patricia Lockwood, Affiliation Maintenance of occupational therapy (OT) for dementia: protocol of a multi-center, randomized controlled and pragmatic trial. Thus anhedonia, or loss in pleasure derived from activities one used to enjoy, is correlated with apathy in PD [15] and items used in the assessment of both symptoms are often overlapping [18, 19]. Results: Fifteen apathy scales or subscales were examined. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) in patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease and normal subjects. 2012 Aug-Sep;168(8-9):598-604. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2012.05.002. The Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) with its clinical version (AES-C) is one of the most used scales in an interdisciplinary context, but it has never previously been used in a population with first episode psychosis. While SM correlated significantly with BA and ES components of motivation, BA did not correlate significantly with ES. Information for the IA can be obtained from the patient or from a caregiver. The Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) was developed as a method for measuring apathy resulting from brain-related pathology. This suggests that although separate factors of SM, BA and ES comprise apathy there is also some degree of shared variance between items assessing SM with BA and ES (Fig 1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169938.g003. Project 2 examined the association between care environments and apathy in persons with dementia. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. An “N/A” option was also available for items that were not applicable. BA and SM correlated positively with BDI and MFIS, indicating that individuals that were more apathetic on these subscales also had higher levels of depression and fatigue. This structure had good model fit (RMSEA = 0.051 with 90% CI of 0.048–0.053, SRMR = 0.05) and was supported by scree plot [23], which showed the characteristic “elbow” or plateau in eigenvalues after 3 factors. A simple three-factor structure was the most parsimonious account of the data. Objective: This study was designed to establish the validity and reliability of the apathy inventory (IA), a rating scale for global assessment of apathy and separate assessment of emotional blunting, lack of initiative, and lack of interest.  |  The behaviourally/socially apathetic experienced the greatest depression and fatigue while the generally motivated were most hedonic. Objective: This dissertation includes three projects that study care environments and apathy in dementia as well as measures of activity. Using exploratory factor analysis (in a sample of 505 people), and then confirmatory analysis (in a different set of 479 individuals), we identified subtypes of apathy in behavioural, social and emotional domains. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click This 46-item behavior rating scale is much easier and less time-consuming to administer than a neuropsychological test battery. Results of factor analyses—both exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA)–in large samples indicated that the AMI has a clear three-factor structure with good psychometric properties. 2006 Mar;21(3):259-65. doi: 10.1002/gps.1457. Background: Apathy is defined as lack of motivation affecting cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains and is usually assessed by standardized scales, such as the Apathy Evaluation Scale … above the mean (Table 4). Whilst many tools have been developed to assess levels of apathy in clinical disorders, surprisingly there are no measures of apathy suitable for healthy people. RESULTS: The PEAR-Environment subscale and PEAR-Apathy subscales each consists of six items rated on a 1-4 scale. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169938, Editor: Maria Gulinello, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, UNITED STATES, Received: September 25, 2016; Accepted: December 22, 2016; Published: January 11, 2017. Conversely, the AMI ES subscale was correlated with the DAS emotional subscale but not behavioural/cognitive initiation subscale. The Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) was developed by Marin (1991) as a method for measuring apathy resulting from brain-related pathology. The 4-class model was the most appropriate (Table 6). [28] and scored responses using a 4-point Likert-style instead (1–4: 1 = ‘Strongly Disagree’, 4 = ‘Strongly Agree’) with higher scores reflecting greater hedonic tone. 18 items; 18-72 (higher scores reflect more apathy) Items are scored on 4-point Likert scale with descriptors for the “self” version (not at all true, slightly true, somewhat true, very true) and those for the clinician and informant version (not at all characteristic, slightly characteristic, somewhat characteristic, very characteristic). Each item was scored on a 4-point Likert scale, with a higher total score indicating greater apathy (1–4: 1 = ‘very true’, 4 = ‘not true at all’ for positively scored items).  |  The scale includes a compre- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169938.t002. Specifically, while individuals who were behaviourally and/or socially more apathetic were likely to be more fatigued, people who were emotionally apathetic experienced less fatigue in general. USA.gov. Each item on the AMI was scored from 0–4, with a higher score indicating greater apathy. Exclusion criteria were self-reported neurological or psychiatric disorder. We evaluated 115 subjects using the IA, consisting of 19 healthy elderly subjects, 24 patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), 12 subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 60 subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, these measures were not perfectly correlated suggesting that there are also unique aspects of anhedonia not related to apathy. 2008;14(3):183-6. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.07.015. Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, The results also indicated that AD patients had poor awareness of their emotional blunting and lack of initiative. Serotonergic system, cognition, and BPSD in Alzheimer's disease. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169938.g004. However, despite the evidence of links between apathy and depression, anhedonia and fatigue in neurological conditions, it remains to be established whether there are similar specific links in the healthy population. A higher total score indicates greater depression. Two hand-scorable, carbonless test booklets (self and family) are available. aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Dimensional Apathy Scale (DAS) in AD . (A) 3D scatterplot illustrating the distribution of each healthy individual’s mean rating along the three AMI subscales. Two subscales were examined controlled and pragmatic trial other related measures to test-retest. Other advanced features are temporarily unavailable AES ) was developed as a unidimensional symptom, Radakovic et al a validity! Time between 6–8 days after initial completion to assess construct validity a symptom reduced! 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